Free interactive chemistry · SIM-ORG-002

Electronic effects

Electron-pushing and electron-pulling groups change acidity and where reactions happen.

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How to use this simulation

Choose an effect: inductive, resonance, directing effects or hybridisation.
Move the substituent (for example the Cl position or the NO₂ position).
Watch the red glow (charge or electron density) and read the pKa table.

What to notice

The −I effect fades quickly with distance.
Resonance can spread charge onto a nitro group only from ortho or para.

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Rank the chlorobutanoic acids by strength before checking the pKa values.

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