Physics · Class 11
8 free physics experiments and lesson notes for Waves, with model limits, worked examples and Tamil explanations.
A wave carries a disturbance through a medium. In a transverse wave particles move perpendicular to propagation; in a longitudinal wave they move parallel to it. Follow the highlighted particle to distinguish particle oscillation from the traveling pattern.
Run this experiment →The traveling-wave phase advances along the medium as time passes. Frequency sets the oscillation rate and wavelength sets the spatial repetition. Together they determine the propagation speed.
Run this experiment →Where pulses overlap their displacements add algebraically. They then pass through with their original shapes in a linear medium. A pulse reflected at a fixed end inverts; a free-end reflection remains upright.
Run this experiment →Two opposite traveling waves form a standing pattern with fixed nodes. Both fixed ends must be nodes, so only wavelengths 2L/n fit. Higher tension raises all harmonic frequencies; greater linear density lowers them.
Run this experiment →An open end allows air displacement while a closed end constrains it. Two open ends support every integer harmonic; one closed end supports only odd harmonics. The mode index counts allowed modes, not necessarily harmonic number.
Run this experiment →Nearby tones alternate between constructive and destructive interference. The loudness envelope repeats at the difference frequency. The signed envelope has twice the intensity-peak spacing because positive and negative peaks both correspond to loud sound.
Run this experiment →Sound propagation depends on a gas’s adiabatic compressibility and density. In an ideal gas their pressure dependence cancels, leaving temperature, molar mass and heat-capacity ratio. Warm or light gases transmit sound faster.
Run this experiment →An approaching source compresses the wavefront spacing and raises observed frequency. An approaching observer meets wavefronts faster. Their velocities enter different parts of the sound Doppler formula because the medium defines a preferred frame.
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