Physics · Class 11
10 free physics experiments and lesson notes for Thermal Properties of Matter, with model limits, worked examples and Tamil explanations.
Temperature describes thermal state; heat is energy transferred because temperatures differ. The isolated blocks approach a common temperature determined by their heat capacities. Equal masses do not guarantee a simple average unless their specific heats are also equal.
Run this experiment →Heating expands most materials, but coefficients and constraints matter. A solid’s volume coefficient is roughly three times its linear coefficient; a liquid has its own volume coefficient. A constant-pressure ideal gas volume follows absolute temperature.
Run this experiment →Water contracts when warmed from 0°C to about 4°C and expands when warmed further. Its density maximum explains why lakes can retain denser liquid below a colder surface.
Run this experiment →A calorimeter balances heat lost against heat gained. A larger hot heat capacity pulls the final temperature toward the hot initial value. Specific heat has units J/(kg·K), while total heat capacity is mc.
Run this experiment →During melting or boiling, heat changes the state while temperature stays constant. Between state changes, heat increases temperature according to the relevant specific heat. The horizontal plateaus represent energy, not a failed heater.
Run this experiment →Thermal resistances in series add. The poorly conducting or thicker layer takes the larger temperature drop. In a steady state the same heat rate passes through both layers.
Run this experiment →Heating from below makes lower fluid less dense, creating buoyancy. Viscosity and thermal diffusion oppose the instability. The circulation appears only when the Rayleigh number exceeds the ideal onset in this schematic.
Run this experiment →Hotter bodies emit much more power and peak at shorter wavelengths. Stefan law controls total power through T⁴; Wien law locates the spectral peak through 1/T. The curve uses Planck spectral radiance.
Run this experiment →Newton cooling makes the rate proportional to the current temperature difference. Cooling is fastest initially and slows as the body approaches ambient. If initially colder, the same law predicts warming.
Run this experiment →A surface that absorbs strongly also emits strongly under matching conditions. In an enclosure of the same temperature, absorbed and emitted power balance for every absorptivity. Unequal temperatures produce a net exchange.
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